What constitutes the anatomical root of a tooth?

The anatomical root of a tooth refers specifically to the portion embedded within the jawbone and is covered with cementum. This part of the tooth is essential for anchoring the tooth securely to the surrounding structures and plays a crucial role in the overall stability and function of the tooth within the dental arch.

Cementum is a specialized, calcified substance that coats the root of the tooth, providing protection and facilitating the attachment of periodontal ligaments, which secure the tooth to the bone. The root, in its entirety, contributes to the tooth's ability to withstand the forces of biting and chewing, making it a vital component of dental anatomy.

In contrast, the other options depict aspects of a tooth's anatomy that do not accurately define the root. The part above the gum line refers to the crown, which is the portion of the tooth visible in the mouth and covered with enamel. The area covered with enamel specifically pertains to the crown, not the root. Lastly, the visible part of the root in the mouth is not a complete representation of the anatomical root, as that would only account for a small portion, if visible at all, and does not encompass the entire root as intended in the anatomical definition.